RESS – Rapid Expansion of Supercritical fluids
Supercritical Fluid Rapid Expansion
RESS involves dissolving the solute in a supercritical fluid and expanding it through a nozzle with a fixed orifice. The resulting pressure drop significantly reduces the solubility of the supercritical solvent, causing the solute to precipitate in a particulate form. The morphology and size distribution of the precipitated particles depend on the nozzle size, pressure magnitude, and carbon dioxide flow rate.
GAS – Gas Anti-Solvent
Gas Anti-Solvent Method
First, the solute is dissolved in an organic solvent, and then CO₂ is rapidly added. This causes a decrease in solubility and a sharp increase in supersaturation, resulting in the formation of fine and uniform particles. The advantages of this method include the ability to easily control particle size by adjusting the addition rate of the anti-solvent, the initial concentration of the material in the solution, and the temperature. By changing one or more parameters, the particle size, crystal form, and morphology can be controlled. The particle size range produced by this method is 0.5 to 500 μm.
PGSS – Particles from Gas Saturated Solutions
Gas Saturated Solution Method
Supercritical CO₂ is dissolved into the solution to form a saturated solution of the supercritical fluid, which is then depressurized through a nozzle in a short period of time to form microparticles. The crystal form and particle size can be altered by adjusting the nozzle size, solvent, gas concentration, temperature, and pressure. This method can produce particles of approximately 150 μm in size.
SAS – Supercritical Anti-Solvent
Supercritical Anti-Solvent Method
In the SAS method, the solute is first dissolved in an organic solvent and then continuously injected into supercritical carbon dioxide. Supercritical CO₂ acts as an anti-solvent, reducing the solubility of the solute in the solution and causing the solute to precipitate rapidly, forming microparticles. The advantages of this method include the ease of controlling particle size by adjusting the addition rate of the anti-solvent, the initial concentration of the material in the solution, and the temperature. The particle size can be controlled within the range of 0.5 to 500 μm. The particle size, crystal form, and morphology can be controlled by changing the temperature, pressure, solvent, and stirring speed.